In Photography, a Camera is a device used to capture an image of an object on a light-sensitive surface; it resembles a light-tight box with an aperture for admitting light that is focussed onto a sensitised plate or film.
Although there are many different kinds of cameras, they all include these five essential parts:
The first camera was the camera obscura, which Joseph Nicéphore Niepce and Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre of France modified to create a permanent image in the 1820s and 1830s. The 19th century saw many advancements, most notably flexible film that was created and printed outside of the camera. A wide range of cameras were created in the 20th century for a variety of uses, such as aerial photography, document duplication, and scientific study.
Rolleiflex - Camera
The German company Franke & Heidecke first introduced the Rolleiflex, a twin-lens reflex roll-film camera, in 1928. It contained two lenses with the same focal length, one of which was used as a viewfinder and part of the focusing mechanism while the other transmitted the image to the film. Using a roll of 120-size film, twelve exposures of 6 cm square each could be created.
Up until the invention of the adaptable 35mm single-lens reflex camera systems, the camera was very well-liked by both amateur and professional photographers because to its robustness, accuracy, and compactness.
Relative Aperture Optics
relative aperture is a measurement of how well an optical device can collect light. It can be conveyed in several ways depending on the instrument. The numerical aperture (NA), also known as the relative aperture for a microscope, is determined by multiplying the index of refraction of the medium between the object and the objective lens by the sine of one-half the angle subtended by the aperture at an object point.
The ratio of the objective's focal length to the entry pupil's diameter is used to determine the relative aperture for binoculars, telescopes, and camera lenses where the subject may be at a distance. A camera lens's relative aperture may be stated as a straightforward ratio, such as 1:4.5, or more typically as its f-number, f/4.5. In either scenario, a 180 millimetre focal length lens set at this relative aperture would have a pupil diameter (essentially, the lens diaphragm opening) of 40 millimetres.
Motion-Picture Camera
Motion picture cameras, often known as Movie Cameras, are any of a number of sophisticated photography devices created to capture a series of images on a reel of film that is moved after each exposure. Typically, exposures are made on film that is either 8, 16, 35, or 70 mm wide at a rate of 24 or 30 frames per second.
The basic components of a motion picture camera are the body, the film-transport system, the lenses, the shutter, and the viewing-focusing system. The main feature that sets motion picture cameras apart from still cameras is the motor-driven transport system. The forward magazine is a completely black compartment inside the camera that holds the exposed film.
The film has perforations, also known as sprocket holes, that are spaced regularly along one or both of its edges. These holes are grasped by sprocket-driven gears, which feed the film into an enclosed exposure chamber. The film is positioned behind the shutter by a mechanical claw, which then temporarily locks the film in place. An picture is exposed onto the film as the shutter opens, then it shuts. The film is then advanced by the claw for the following exposure using an automated pulldown motion. Each exposure is a single still image, or frame, because each frame of the film comes to a complete stop for its exposure. The exposed portions of the film are fed into the rear magazine, another completely black space, as the film passes through the camera.
Today, the majority of cameras employ the reflex system for seeing and focusing; with this method, a mirror redirects some of the light rays going through the lens to the viewfinder. On many cameras, zoom lenses as well as standard wide-angle and telephoto lenses are employed. In front of the film gate and behind the lens is where you'll find the shutter. It is often rotating and consists of a half-circle that rotates in time with the claw's pulldown of the film. When the film is moving, the half-circle blocks out light from the lens, and when the film frame is still, it moves out of the way to allow light to pass. In order to reduce the noise of its moving elements, cameras used for sound recording have internal insulation.
Eastman Kodak Company - American Corporation
Eastman Kodak Company, also known as Kodak, is an American company that produces film and photography equipment and offers products and services related to digital imaging. Rochester, New York, is home to the headquarters.
As the successor to a corporation founded in Rochester in 1880 by George Eastman, who pioneered the newly invented process of producing photographic dry plates, the company was incorporated in 1901. Before 1880, every time a photographer wanted to take a picture, they had to coat a plate with fresh, wet chemicals. Eastman established the business that would later become Eastman Kodak to market his mechanically produced dry, precoated plates.
Four years after introducing roll film, Eastman unveiled the Kodak camera, the first device that was easy to operate and portable enough for widespread usage by amateur photographers, in 1888. The camera was bought with the film inside sealed, and the entire thing was sent back to Rochester for processing and new film. Eastman created the less priced Brownie in 1900. It was a straightforward box camera with a detachable film container, eliminating the need to send the entire machine back to the factory.
The business continued to develop advances for amateur photographers in the ensuing years. Kodak was the first to produce home filmmaking equipment and Kodachrome, a simple-to-use colour slide film. The business released the Instamatic line of still and motion picture cameras in the 1960s, all of which required film put into cartridges. In addition to adjusting the focus and moving the film forward, the technologically superior Disc camera series, which was first released in 1982, also had the ability to automatically initiate the usage of the flash when necessary. With the introduction of an 8-millimeter video camera system and videocassette cassettes in 1984, the business entered the video market.
Since the consumer market for cameras and other items connected to film photography experienced considerable reductions in the early twenty-first century, Kodak began to focus a new emphasis on digital photographic products. In addition to producing motion picture film, single-use and other consumer digital cameras, aerial surveillance films, and equipment for the graphic communications industry, the company remained a major supplier of photographic films, papers, and chemicals for professional photographers well into the twenty-first century. After declaring bankruptcy in January 2012, Kodak stated shortly after that it would stop producing some digital photography devices, including cameras.
Cinematography - Photography
The science and art of making motion pictures is known as cinematography. It involves methods like general scene composition, lighting of the set or location, selection of cameras, lenses, filters, and film stock, camera angle and movement, and integration of any special effects. The director of photography, sometimes known as the cinematographer, first cameraman, lighting cameraman, or director of photography, is in charge of getting the director's desired photographic images and effects. All these issues may involve a large crew on a feature film.
The earliest motion pictures were shot with just one or a few cameras using static frontal photography, as if they were stage plays. However, by the second and third decades of the 20th century, under the direction of cameramen like Billy Bitzer (working with director D.W. Griffith), the camera was being used in ways that distinguished the motion picture from the theatrical tradition, including close-ups, shooting from moving vehicles, using backlighting and other lighting effects, and more. When sound was introduced, innovative motion was halted as loud cameras were forced to remain immobile in difficult-to-move soundproof containers, but the introduction of silent cameras restored cinematography's flexibility. The invention of the camera crane and the application of wider-angle lenses to obtain a deeper depth of field both increased the camera's field of view (as Gregg Toland did in the impressive scenes of Citizen Kane [1941]). With the introduction of sound, wide-screen and colour processes were without a doubt the two most significant developments in cinematography. The development of special effects, as seen in George Lucas' Star Wars (1977) and Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), with cinematographers Gilbert Taylor and (for special effects) John Dykstra, is also significant.
Differences between Photography and Cinematography
There are significant differences between photography and filmmaking. While one image can stand alone as a complete piece of art, a cinematographer deals with the relationships between individual images as well as between sets of images. As Orson Welles did in The Third Man (1949), a main character might first appear unrecognizably in the shadows and near-darkness. While this might be a poor photography choice for a single shot, cinematographically speaking, it sets up subsequent shots that reveal the character and give the film style and integration. Moreover, collaboration in filmmaking is much greater than in photography. Along with the director, producer, designer, sound engineers, and each actor, the cameraman must plan his or her job. Particularly in a feature film, the camera crew itself may be complicated. The chief cinematographer oversees a second cameraman (or camera operator), who handles the camera; an assistant operator (the focus-puller), whose primary responsibility is to adjust the focusing; an assistant known as the clapper-loader, or clapper boy, who holds up the slate at the beginning of the shot, loads the magazines with film, and keeps a record of the footage and other details; and the "grips The gaffer, or head electrician (a lighting technician), who is supported by one or more "best boys," may also fall under the control of the cinematographer. A large-budget film might also feature a special effects team and, occasionally, an entire second unit of cinematographers and assistants.
Speed - Photography
In photography, speed refers to any of the metrics that show the film's sensitivity to light, the exposure time, and the size of the lens opening, or aperture.
The size of the opening in a camera's lens is known as its aperture or lens speed. By determining the largest width of the light beam entering the camera body, aperture settings offer one method of regulating the amount of light that hits the film. The lens aperture is expressed as a ratio of the focal length using a standard set of values called f-stops.
The amount of time the shutter is open during an exposure is controlled by the shutter speed. The shutter speed influences how much light the film is exposed to and how quickly activity can be captured in a photo without the image becoming blurry. Typically, shutter speeds fall between one and 5,000ths of a second.
The sensitivity of a given emulsion to light is indicated by the film speed. Typically, it is expressed as an ISO (International Standards Organization) number, also known as a DIN (Deutsche Industrie Norm) number in Europe, or as an ASA (American Standards Association; now American National Standards Institute) number in the United States. For instance, a film with a speed of 32 ISO/ASA, or 16/10 DIN, would be considered slow—that is, relatively light-insensitive and best used in bright light—whereas one with a speed of 400 ISO/ASA, or 27/10 DIN, would be considered fast—that is, relatively light-sensitive and therefore usable in dim light or with a very fast shutter speed.
John Henry Dallmeyer - British Manufacturer
British inventor and lens manufacturer John Henry Dallmeyer was born in Loxten, Westphalia (Germany) on September 6, 1830, and passed away at sea off New Zealand on December 30, 1883.
Dallmeyer, who had a talent for science, was apprenticed to an optician in Osnabrück before moving to London in 1851, where he found employment with an optician and later with Andrew Ross, a lens and telescope manufacturer. Ross rehired him as a scientific adviser after he served in a commercial position for a year. He wed Hannah, Ross's second daughter, and in 1859 inherited a piece of his employer's sizable fortune as well as the company's telescope manufacturing division. Moving to the creation of photographic lenses, he made advancements to object glasses for the microscope, condensers for the optical lantern, and both portrait and landscape lenses. He built a number of photoheliographs (telescopes adapted for photographing the Sun).
In addition to patenting telephoto lenses in 1891, his son Thomas Rudolphus Dallmeyer (1859–1906) also produced a widely used book on the subject (Telephotography, 1899).
Daguerreotype - Photography
The first effective form of photography, the daguerreotype, was developed in the 1830s by Nicéphore Niépce and Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre of France. Daguerre and Niépce discovered that a permanent image would be created if a copper plate coated in silver iodide was exposed to light in a camera, fumed with mercury vapour, and fixed (made permanent) by a solution of common salt. Midway through the 19th century, a large number of daguerreotypes, particularly portraits, were created; however, the wet collodion process eventually replaced this method.
Digital Camera - Photography
Digital camera, a tool for recording pictures digitally. The first filmless electronic camera was patented by Texas Instruments Corporation in 1972. A commercial electronic device using a "mini" computer disc drive to store data obtained from a video camera was released by Sony Corporation in 1981. The Eastman Kodak Company started offering professional digital cameras in 1991 as the price of electronic components decreased and camera resolution increased. The first consumer model was released in 1994 by Kodak and Apple Computer, who also provided the software for transferring the digital photos to a personal computer. The majority of film camera sales were eventually reduced to low-cost, throwaway, single-use devices as digital cameras gained market share over time. But as smartphones with ever-improving cameras proliferated, sales of digital cameras plunged by 90% in the decade that followed.
Digital cameras occasionally do not have a viewfinder, which is typically substituted with a liquid crystal display, unlike film cameras, which do not contain chemical agents (film) (LCD). A semiconductor device, such as a charge-coupled device (CCD) or a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS), is at the heart of a digital camera. It measures the amount of light and colour sent through the camera's lenses using various filters. An electric current is created and converted into binary digits when light hits a semiconductor's individual light receptors, or pixels, for storage on another digital medium like flash memory (semiconductor devices that do not need power to retain memory).
The resolution of digital cameras is frequently advertised in terms of megapixels (millions of pixels); for instance, a 24.2-megapixel camera has a resolution of 6,016 by 4,016 pixels. In 1986, Kodak created the first megapixel camera, which was capable of printing images in film quality up to 5 by 7 inches (12.5 x 17.5 cm).
Comments